The Great Muslim Scientist of All the Time

The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time. Here is a little intro about them and their work to the world of science. All the scientists are before 14th century .. ,When you the Europe was called a Dark continent ,Muslims Scientists Were ruling in all over the world! I don't know what happened now But anyways Don't Forget the Past=) Better be Proud! Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus.Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century. [5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. For complete intro: http://en. wikipedia. rg/ wiki/Al-Khwarizmi Avicenna Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian. His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .Ibn Sina is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacolo gy, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy. George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science: â€Å"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history.His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The ‘Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of disease s by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Avicenna Geber He is â€Å"considered by many to be the father of chemistry. bir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances nd the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geber Al-Jazari The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Jazari Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-FarghaniHe was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mun in Baghdad. The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Farghani Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries. He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is co nsidered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rhazes Abu Rayhan al-Biruni physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and â€Å"the first anthropologist†. He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology. George Sarto n, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as â€Å"One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times. ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biruni Al-Khazini Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini: â€Å"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Khazini Ibn al-Haytham HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the â€Å"father of modern optics† for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors , refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines. Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the â€Å"first scientist† for these reasons. He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Ferm at's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham Al-Kindi lso known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christi an world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method. ] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Kindi Ibn Sahl Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 40-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law. [1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl Al-Ghazali known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was b orn and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran).He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Ghazali Im Tired and rest of the scientists you can go through with this list if you are interested. lol http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muslim_scientists I am tired now.. ol If anyone else can do it then go ahead=) And here is the complete list. Astronomers and Astrophysicists * Muhammad * Muhammad Ahmad Khan Minhas * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Ja far al-Sadiq * Yaqub ibn Tariq * Ibrahim al-Fazari * Muhammad al-Fazari * Mashallah * Naubakht * Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Al-Farghani * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti * Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi * Abu Sa'id Gorgani * Kushyar ibn Labban * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Al-Mahani * Al-Marwazi * Al-Nayrizi * Al-Saghani * Al-Farghani * Abu Nasr Mansur * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Yunus * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius) * Averroes * Al-Jazari * Sharaf al-Din a l-Tusi * Anvari * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Ibn al-Shatir * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Jamshid al-Kashi Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician * Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer * Ahmad Nahavandi * Haly Abenragel * Ghallia Kaouk * Abolfadl Harawi * Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2] * Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3] * Abdul Kalam * Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud * Muhammed Faris * Abdul Ahad Mohmand * Talgat Musabayev * Anousheh Ansari * Amir Ansari * Essam Heggy, a planetary scientist involved in the NASA Mars Exploration Program[4] * Ahmed Salem Alaa Ibrahim * Mohamed Sultan * Ahmed Noor * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Chemists and Alchemists Further information: Alchemy (Islam) * Kh alid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[7][8][9] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Al-Majriti * Ibn Miskawayh * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Al-Khazini * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Hasan al-Rammah * Ibn Khaldun * Sake Dean Mahomet * Salimuzzaman Siddiqui * Al Khawazimi Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics) * Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[10] * Ali Eftekhari [edit] Computer Scientists Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Jawed Karim, Bangladeshi American software engineer; lead architect of PayPal and co-founder of YouTube[13] * Pierre Omidyar, Iranian American entrepreneur; founder of eBay[14] [edit] Economists and Social Scientists Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam * Muhammad (570-632), discussed corpora te social responsibility[15] * Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist * Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist * Al-Saghani (d. 90), one of the earliest historians of science[16] * Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048), considered the â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] and father of Indology[18] * Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist * Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist * Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist * Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist * Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist * Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[19] such as demography,[20] cultural history,[21] historiography,[22] philosophy of history,[23] sociology[20][23] and economics[24][25 ] * Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit * Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[26][27] * Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist; father of microcredit and microfinance[28][29] [edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution * Muhammad, discussed environmental philosophy[30] * Al-Masudi, the â€Å"Herodotus of the Arabs†, and pioneer of historical geography[31] * Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[32] * Qusta ibn Luqa * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Al-Tamimi * Al-Masihi * Avicenna * Ali ibn Ridwan * Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer * Ahmad ibn Fadlan * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, father of geodesy,[17][33] considered the first geologist and â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] * Avicenna * Ibn Jumay * Abd-el-latif * Averroes * Ibn al-Nafis * Ibn al-Quff Ibn Battuta * Ibn Khaldun * Piri Reis * E vliya Celebi * Zaghloul El-Naggar [edit] Mathematicians Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies * Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) – father of algebra[34] and algorithms[35] * Al-Abbas ibn Said al-Jawhari * ‘Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk * Hunayn ibn Ishaq * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Al-Mahani * Ahmed ibn Yusuf * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) * Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam * Al-Nayrizi * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Brethren of Purity * Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi * Al-Saghani * Abu Sahl al-Quhi * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Sahl * Al-Sijzi * Ibn Yunus * Abu Nasr Mansur * Kushyar ibn Labban * Al-Karaji * Ibn al-Haytha m (Alhacen/Alhazen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi * Al-Nasawi * Al-Jayyani * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) * Al-Samawal * Averroes * Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi * Ibn Mun`im * Al-Marrakushi * Ibn al-Banna' * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Mu? yi al-Din al-Maghribi * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Al-Khalili * Ibn al-Shatir * Qa? i Zada al-Rumi * Jamshid al-Kashi * Ulugh Beg * Taqi al-Din * Muhammad Baqir Yazdi * Ibn Baso * Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi (1412-1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[36] * Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Cumrun Vafa * Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism * Mostafa Mosharafa [edit] Neuroscientists and Psychologists Further information: Islamic psychological thought * Muhammad, discussed mental health[37] Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[38] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[39] * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[37] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[41] * Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[42] * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[43] * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[43] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[44] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[45] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, pioneer of reaction time[46] * Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[42] neuropsychiatry,[47] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[48] * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[44] * Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[44] * Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[49] [edit] Physicians and Surgeons Main article: Muslim doctors Further information: Islamic medicine Muhammad, discussed contagion[50][51] and early Islamic medical treatments[52] * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[53] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[54] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887) * Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[55] * Al-Fara bi (Alpharabius) * Abul Hasan al-Tabari – physician * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari – physician * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 94), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[56] * Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[57] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) – father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[44] craniotomy,[56] hematology[58] and dental surgery[59] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[60] and visual perception[61] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) – father of modern medicine,[62] founder of Unani medicine,[58] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[63] aromatherapy,[64] pulsology and sphygmology,[65] and also a philosopher * Ibn Miskawayh * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) – father of experimental surgery,[66] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, exp erimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[67] and tracheotomy[68] * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Averroes * Ibn al-Baitar * Nasir al-Din Tusi Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[69] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[70] pulsology and sphygmology[71] * Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[56] * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[72] * Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374) * Mansur ibn Ilyas * Saghir Akhtar – pharmacist * Toffy Musivand * Samuel Rahbar * Muhammad B. Yunus, the â€Å"father of our modern view of fibromyalgia†[73] * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Physicists Further information: Islamic physics * Muhammad explained creation of the universe * Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa), 9th century Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century * Al-Saghani, 10th century * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), 10th century * Ibn Sahl, 10th century * Ibn Yunus, 10th century * Al-Karaji, 10th century * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[74] pioneer of scientific method[75] and experimental physics,[76] considered the â€Å"first scientist†[77] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[78] * Avicenna, 11th century * Al-Khazini, 12th century * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century * Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert * Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[9] father of modern engineering[79] * Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, 13th century * Hasan a l-Rammah, 13th century * Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century * Taqi al-Din, 16th century * Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century * Lagari Hasan Celebi, 17th century * Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century * Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician * Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist * Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist * Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president * Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear physicist * Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist; Nobel Prize in Physics 1977[80] * Abdul Kalam, Indian nuclear physicist * Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist * Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist * Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist * Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist http://forums. ratedesi. com/showthread. php? t=267268 Please report any broken links to Webmaster Copyright  © 1988-20

Binge Drinking Must be Stopped Essay

The article Binge Drinking Must be Stopped written by, Harvard University lecturer and principal investigator of the College Alcohol Study, Henry Wechsler is primarily a study about alcohol drinking in American colleges. Wechsler argues that drink bingeing is highly common in the colleges of America. He says that â€Å"binge drinking is a reality of college life in America and perhaps the central focus of fraternity-house life. † This is deemed to be true by Wechsler because of; (1) the administrator’s lack of knowledge about this issue of college alcohol bingeing, (2) the adaptation of colleges to the culture of college drinking, (3) the lack of continuity in the programs provided and (4) and implementations of policies imposed on colleges are not monitored effectively. Wechsler says that the culture of American colleges, while entangled with a reputation of widespread alcoholic drinking, does not alarm college administrators for they claim complete unawareness to the current situation of the alcohol issues within their students. Wechsler, being a prominent staff in the Harvard School of Public Health, reports that the department has exhausted its effort in getting feedback from the school administrators. However, he insinuates that there can be no reason to be completely blanked out in the issue of drinking situation. He supports this through various circumstances where people can easily witness the reality of college life and drink bingeing. One instance that Wechsler contributes where the scenario of heavy drinking in colleges can be observed is through the weeknight rounds of security vans monitoring places where they often get hold of worn out students from parties. Another, he says, is through the response of freshmen students on their knowledge of this alcohol bingeing college lifestyle despite of their just recent arrival to the university. Wechsler then argues that if security personnel and freshmen can easily become aware of this then there can be no reason for college administrators to be completely unwary of the situation. He adds that the problem is rooted from the grassroots themselves, who are the students, and the superior officers, who are the school administrators and the local officials. Just like any other person struggling with alcohol, Wechsler asserts that students should be reminded that excessive drinking is a problem and that although it is quite common in college, it can never mean that it is acceptable. School administrators, on the other hand, including college superiors and dorm supervisors should fulfill their responsibilities in watching the students over. Wechsler complains that school administrators are lenient in permitting their students in conducting activities which overtly promotes drink bingeing. Also, Wechsler advises that regulations on drinking should be heavily imposed and not neglected. He says that â€Å"it is easy to say there is no drinking allowed in a dormitory or a fraternity, but enforcement is necessary to put the policy into effect. † Wechsler then asserts that this not a new issue in America thus there is a great need for everyone to address it. â€Å"This is no longer a time merely to form a committee to study the situation,† he says. Now, Wechsler suggests that everyone participate in eradicating this issue within American colleges from the school administrators, the fraternity and sorority systems, the community officials, the parents of the students, and the students themselves.

Quantitative research Essay

Quantitative research is the research method because this research method can collect many opinions and information from the large audiences and it is easier in doing analysis. After that, numerical data that successfully collected in the quantitative research is closely related to the final part of the research. (http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36869_muijs.pdf)- journal In addition, quantitative research is helpful in explaining and analyzing about a specific topic. (http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36869_muijs.pdf) For example, for research title† The negative impact of violence drama toward teenagers violence behavior†, through the quantitative research, people can know that actually how many of the teenagers actually will curious about the violence drama? Or actually how many of them will get influences or imitate what shown in the violence drama? Lastly, quantitative research can also help to narrow the wide number of public opinion into quantitative through questionn aire or tests. Thus, as mentioned above, it is easier in doing analysis after all the information is being gathered. Definition of quantitative research, viewed by †¦. Weblink Sample There are two types of sampling, which are probability sampling and nonprobability sampling. Probability sampling refer to everyone has the chance to enroll in the sample and it can be defined accurately. (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch13/nonprob/5214898-eng.htm). Possibility sampling shows the features of the chosen population and thus, it is more credibility. (http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/sampling/types.htm) However nonprobability sampling refer to just some of the people can enroll in the sample and it result cannot define accurately. (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch13/nonprob/5214898-eng.htm) There are quota sample, purposive sample and convenience sample in the nonprobability sampling. Convenience sample (nonprobability sample) is being used in this research because this research only targeted teenagers and college students. In other words, not all the people can be selected as target audiences for this research. The reason that t he survey questions are available to 100 people is because this can helps to find out different opinions and also find out how different teenagers behave differently after  watching violence drama. In addition, if there are no limits the numbers of the respondents, it is impossible to get the final result since there may be thousands of the different opinions and answers out there. Thus, choosing 100 people to answer on these questionnaires can help to minimize the large number of audiences too. Lastly, questionnaire survey for this research had been made as web questionnaire and target audiences can answer the questions by just clicking into the web link. Teenagers and college students have been choose to answer these questionnaires according to the gender because different gender may bring out a different result as well. Variables Variables are any aspect that will change the result of the studies. Independent variable is the one which always affects dependent variables. In this study, the independent variable is the violence drama and dependent variable would be the teenagers and college students because the negative impact brought out by violence drama may influence them. Measurement Measurement is the process of gathering the quantitative data. In addition, it is also a process that covert the data into phenomena based on the particular rules. Variables can be measured by different kind of measurement scales. In this research, there are close-ended questions, likert scales, guttman scaling. Close-ended Questions. Close-ended question is the question that provides several answers to let respondents choose. Means that, close-ended question is also the question that contain multiple choices. (www.businessdictionary.com/definition/closed-questions.html). Denifition of close-ended questions, Viewed by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, Weblink For example: Question: Have you ever watched violence drama before? Please choose the answer below. Yes No Respondents require choosing one answer only and this is easier to get the result and opinion from them. Likert Scales Likert scales are the questions to test the respondents’ level of agreement and disagreement. In addition, it is also the non-comparative scaling techniques. For example: Please choose the answer below. Questions: Statement Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree I think I will to imitate because curious of the action from violence drama Respondents are require to choose one answer only of above and this is easier to test their level of agreement and disagreement. Guttman Scaling Guttman scaling is the question that contain few choices of answers and let respondents to choose the satisfy answer among it. For examples: Please choose the answer below. Questions: How often do you watch violence drama? Everyday Twice a week Once a month Others:__________ Respondents are require to choose one answer only and this is easier to do the analysis. Techniques and Scoring The techniques used to calculate the data of these measurement scales. Close-ended Questions For example: Question: Have you ever watched violence drama before? Please choose the answer below. oYes oNo Scoring Scores Final percentage Yes 83 89% No 10 11% 100% Table above showed the sample scoring for close-ended questions. From the result above, stated that most of the respondents have ever watched violence drama before. This is easier to find out the result by analyzing out the data collected. Likert Scales For example: Please choose the answer below. Questions: Statement Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree I think I will to imitate because curious of the action from violence drama Final Percentage Strongly Disagree 29% Disagree 38% Agree 26% Strongly Agree 7% 100% Table above showed the sample scoring for likert scales. By looking through this table, the level of agreement and disagreement of respondents can be seen. Guttman Scaling For examples: Please choose the answer below. Questions: How often do you watch violence drama? oEveryday oTwice a week oOnce a month oOthers:__________ Scoring Final Percentage Everyday 15% Twice a week 30% Once a month 29% Others 26% 100% Table above showed the sample scoring for guttman scaling. As the table showed, there are most of the respondents watch violence drama twice a week. However, there are only few respondents that answer others. The percentages make the data analysis easier. Procedure The very first step to start this research is to decide the research topic first. Then, the following things that need to decide after the research topic is research problem and objectives. After determining all of these, all the questionnaires will be drafted out according to the information that decided and gathered during the previous steps. After created the questionnaires, the questionnaires were made as a web questionnaire and send to the target audiences for answering. Lastly, the next step after this was to collect the data, calculate it out, and make a data analysis for it. Thus, the first step is always important in doing a research as all the progress will be affected if the first step was doing in a wrong way. Conclusion As a conclusion, questionnaires are very important in getting an accurate result. Thus, when deciding the questionnaire, it is necessary to make sure the questionnaires are asking in a right way and logical way. If the questionnaires have a lot of mistakes, this will influence the final results and accurate data and information could not be collected.

Principles of entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of entrepreneurship - Essay Example Finally, the paper looks at how entrepreneurs can recognize opportunities and generate business ideas. Introduction An entrepreneur is an individual who establishes a new organization without the benefit of corporate sponsorship. Entrepreneurs venture into new business opportunities with the aim of having growth and high profitability as their primary objectives. Several myths have been developed concerning entrepreneurs. Most people believe that entrepreneurs can start new businesses, they are gamblers, they always want to own business and be completely independent, entrepreneurs work longer and harder than managers in big companies, they experience a great deal of stress and pay a high price and they are always solely motivated by the quest for the almighty dollar. In addition to this, entrepreneurs seek power and control over others and they are talented and have good ideas (Acs Z. and Audretsch, 2010). Most entrepreneurs venture into businesses for various reasons such as to gain better quality lives, to increase their profit potentials, as well as desire for independence. Most entrepreneurs possess certain elements like innovation and creativity, management skills, social networks, and effective communication (Ramoglou, 2013). . The following figure summarizes the characteristics of entrepreneurs. Literature Review Value proposition is creating utility of a product or a service to the customers thi is according to (Bovert and Martha, 2000). On the other hand, (Best, 2007) defines value proposition as all key elements included I a situation and the benefits the target customer is searching for while purchasing a product or a service. However, Sheehy, Bracey and Frazier, 1996) defines value proposition as the bundle of value that an organization delivers to its customers and this does not only include the price, selection, service, but also the intangibles like brand image and equity. The authors believe that value proposition is not only purchasing the prod uct or the service but what the customer is thinking about while purchasing the product. The following diagram shows the components of value proposition. From the diagram above it is evident that value proposition contains components such as value expectations on one side and a partners role and relative competitive position on the side of the organization. From the diagram above, value proposition entails various factors such as the market value of the proposition being created. The customer’s experiences with the value are also considered while the product and service offered is also put into consideration. Entrepreneurs then look at the benefits that will be derived from the product and services and look at alternatives that the market provides for its products and services. Finally, the entrepreneur must think about substantiate evidence that the proposition is offering. After this, the entrepreneurs are expected to review the benefits, costs, and value that the organizat ion is offering to the customers, prospective customers both within and outside the organization. In summary, the value proposition is a promise of value to be delivered and a belief from the customer that value will be experienced. There is the need for entrepreneurs to understand that there are those customers who are slow to adapt to the value proposi

Training Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Training Module - Essay Example This is critical since working life cannot be fruitful without a social life. This paper presents a training module for managers that will help employees manage their work and life boundary. The managers will undergo extensive training on how to build an effective relationship with their subordinates. Moreover, the managers will learn how to increase the motivation of employees such as rewarding competent employees and allowing them to be part of decision-making. The manager will increase workers commitment to work thereby minimizing absenteeism. The managers will experience one-week training with an estimate of two hours daily. The program will assist managers to maintain stability within their organizations. Additionally, this program will educate them on ways of increasing employee motivation within an organization thereby ensuring high motivation of employees throughout. When workers are proactive, they will do anything necessary to ensure that the corporate achieve the goals and objectives (Fox, 2009). An organization where subordinates exhibit low motivation is entirely vulnerable to both internal and external complexities. This is because the employees do not have the capacity to work an extra mile in upholding the organization stability. Therefore, an unsteady organization eventually underperforms (Fox, 2009). At the end of the training, the participants will have the capability of developing ways of communicating efficiently any information workers require to perform their duties effectively. Secondly, this training will enable managers develop ways of ensuring that workers attain motivation from the nature of work. Thirdly, the participants will have the capacity to empower employees to delegate. The training is conducted to equip employees with information on the need to develop balanced work/life activities. This is fundamental because developing a viable work/life boundary is a performance measure that individuals should undertake to improve

Macro--economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro--economic - Essay Example Conclusion VII. References. What is wrong with America’s labor market? I. Introduction This excerpt is from The Economist magazine. It considers the fall in the American economy with specific concern to the labor market. The Issue in concern discusses the reason behind the fall in labor market, whether the problem lies at the demand side or the supply side along with pros and cons for active job policy. Part (a) – Article Summary The article talks about persistent unemployment rate in America’s market. The models and theories used in this article are: 1. Different types of Unemployment 2. Economics factors of production 3. Economic Growth Model 4. Demand and Supply Theories 5. Keynes Theory of Income and Employment 6. Modern Macroeconomists view 7. Okun’s Law II. Why is the labor market weak? America has faced recession at June 2009 (NBER, 2009). After the recession in recovery USA has seen 2.8% annualized growth, this was of course real low therefore it c annot have assured a significant change in unemployment rate thereafter. This is slightly in accordance with the Okun’s Law, which says, â€Å"that for every 1% rise in the unemployment percentage there is approximate 2% fall in the potential Gross Domestic Product.† Though the exact accuracy of the law is yet under disputation, however it stills empirically recognizes the relationship between unemployment and country’s production. With only 2.8% real growth in the current recovery session, it is not at all surprising that job growth has been an issue. The resultant unemployment is due to cyclical variation therefore we could term it as cyclical unemployment - unemployment caused by business cycle recession. The current slight decrease in jobless rate of 0.1% is misleading; the growth rate could not be measure inconsiderate to other negative factors (the discouraged workers drop out). There are around 46% of jobless workers preferring to remain unemployed. This is because of the inability to find the works that satisfy their needs. The weakness in the production cycle has to be mostly blame but there are signs of an emerging disease in American called structural unemployment. Structural unemployment results from persistent mismatch between the features and skills of workers and the job demands or requirement. It last longer periods compared to the frictional unemployment, as worker would require time to learn new skills. The youth unemployment (frictional unemployment) is worse factor of the America’s weak labor market. America has a lesser fraction of prime age men in workplaces and in the labor force than any other in the G7 economy. Some 25% of men 25-54 years old with no college certifications, 35% of high school dropouts and approximately 70% of black high school dropouts are not working (Economist 2011 under Jobs for the future). In addition, this frictional unemployment arises from process of matching workers with job. Fricti onal unemployment might be good as the workers take time matching the job they are wishing to do. However, if the unemployment period is long then it is not beneficial for the economy, as short-term unemployment becomes long term. This is almost what is happening in

Art critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Art critique - Essay Example In most cases, the illuminations covered greatest parts of the pages of Bibles (Gardner and Fred 19). The amount of illumination manuscripts was large to the extent of increasing the weight of Bible. The illuminated manuscripts of the time had brightly colored gold background. The decoration style limited to religion, and artists could only change by improving ability of the work to send more religious messages to people. The figures were flat and formed two dimensions and having draperies made to form geometric shapes. The Gothic art such as those created by Simon Martini has few and small size texts in the pages. Large part of the Gothic manuscripts had gold, and rarely silver around the margins. The illumination during the Gothic period was moving from the Romanesque style that focused more on religious connotations. The Gothic manuscripts diversified and changed to catch up with the current events and environments. For instance, the Limbourge Brothers did a fantastic work by doing landscape painting (Gardner and Fred 33). The work was a sign of diversification of art to start appreciating the environmental

Speech. Limit Sex in Advertising to the public Essay

Speech. Limit Sex in Advertising to the public - Essay Example Nonetheless, the companies found themselves on constant competition with visual promotions in both television and print media. One thing that differentiated one company advert from the other was the sex appeal employed. Reichert and Lambiase (2002, p. 25) defines sex appeal advertising as the form of advertising that draws customer’s attention through the use of sexual appeals that have been used as a form of communication technique. It almost goes without saying that contemporary customers are acquainted to more sex in advertising than ever before. This inclination of escalating use of sexual oriented topics and ideas is evident upon inspection of the broadcast and print media. In essence, marketers employ the use of romantic themes, nudity, or implicative ideas or topics to acquire the attention of its consumers. Though the use of sex in advertising has numerous advantages, limited research has been directed towards its implications on the society. In reference to Reichert and Lambiase (2002, p. 35), the use of sex appeal advertising has numerous significant public policy, social, and managerial implications. These propositions pivot the preferred depiction of women in the modern society, the circumstance under which marketers and advertisers should not use sexual themes in communicating with its consumers. For this reason, those impacted most by the sex appealing adverts are the women, both young and old, and not the targeted consumers. To the young women with developing and growing ideologies and bodies, sex appealing advertisements portraying women in a sexual explicit manner, whether fully clothed or nude, an imperative wrong is being executed. For the young and shapeable women, Jacobson and Mazur (1995, p. 79) notes that their perception of what they should wear, how they should look and how they should act is influenced, all with the assumption that

Documenteries report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Documenteries report - Essay Example me Shelter’ is presented in a riveting manner that shows the plight of women who have got pregnant while still at their homes and not married and the humiliation and rejection that they always meet at these families. It gives n insight of what can be done to these ladies who get pregnant in order to make them feel as parts of the communities that they are in (Rolling Stones, 1971). Through a lot of drama, the film shows how ladies often get rejected by their parents especially their mothers when they get pregnant and the tribulations they go through by the mere fact of their pregnancy. The question that these ladies usually meet includes the matter of whether to retain the babies or alternatively procure abortion in the midst of such kind of competing forces and rejection. Even after being involved in an accident and being admitted in hospital and subsequently being sheltered by the church, the tribulations of the Apple do not cease as her mother still pursues her while initially she seemed to have rejected her. Through the tribulation of pregnancy of Apple and other occurrences that occur to her life, we can easily see how a society can at times be unfair to those that are hitherto vulnerable in all aspects. For example, Apple is involved in a car crash at one point in her life, the doors to the shelters are at times locked, families that are unsupportive as well as social workers who fail to understand her predicament of nursing injuries and a pregnancy that has been rejected by her family. The film ‘Gimme Shelter’ therefore has the purpose of highlighting the plight of young girls who get pregnant and are in need of shelter after being rejected by their families and is not merely propaganda or mythology. Aside from showing the plight o f rejected pregnant girls and their quest for acceptance by the society, the film also she violence, shows the suffering suffered the violence, rape and the other forms of suffering that impede them from self actualization.

The business scenario of Hong Kongs Hotel Industry Essay

The business scenario of Hong Kongs Hotel Industry - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Hong Kong offers a stable and efficient business environment to its entrepreneurs with modern infrastructural facilities along with technologies in order to cope up with the challenges of globalisation and industrialisation. In the year 1995, Hong Kong positioned itself as the eighth leading trading nation in the global world. Thus, most of the leading companies attempted to establish one of its franchisees in Hong Kong with the expectation that it might enhance its growth prospects and profitability as well. Moreover, the government of Hong Kong has adopted a strategy of non-intervention, which was also categorised as quite beneficial for any business entrepreneur to operate within the economy. In addition, the government of Hong Kong also offers a sound lawful and administrative support for improving the scope of its business environment to encourage foreign and national entrepreneurs. Thus, it can be avowed that the economy of Hong Kong offers high opportunities for growth and development of industries, in order to improve its image in the international business forefront. Hence, it can be clearly depicted that as Hong Kong is one of the rapidly developing and most promising international centres for trade, business and finance with less governmental intrusions. Notably, it is due to this reason that Hong Kong is now categorised as one of the feasible places for introduction of new business projects. 1.1 Background of the Study Hong Kong is one of the fastest developing nations among the Asia-Pacific regions and so it can prove beneficial for the introduction of a new business project. Apart from this, Hong Kong is often regarded as a feasible place for introduction of new businesses as it offers soaring quality of banking, insurance and proficient services along with hard working and skilled workforce. Moreover, it is also the main gateway to perform business operations in the market of China. This is because , China offers workers at a sustainable rate which is not only helpful for any business enterprise, but also tends to preserve the interests of the workforce. It is also a significant factor which helps in expansion of the business in the national as well as international context thereby augmenting growth and brand identity (Bingley, 2011). Hence, with due consideration to these factors, Hong Kong might prove to be the most efficient place for the introduction of a new business project. 1.2 Literature Review According to Lethbridge & et. al. (2000), the location of Hong Kong is becoming one of the most favourable places for performing business operations being influenced by varied factors such as low tax requirement, freedom of currency exchange in trade and being the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China, which offers a stable political environment of any business project. Thus, the nation of Hong Kong is highly preferred by most of the reputed industries operating globally (Deloitte, 2012). In addition, about 300 Chinese organisations are listed in Hong Kong, with a

Animal welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal welfare - Essay Example This report highlights some of the best and worst farming trends in European countries and discusses the effects of such practices on the welfare of the animal. Further, it suggests good farming practices and some alternative to fast animal farming. The report concludes that while organic farming of animals is often costly, most people prefer such meat products. Animal welfare is defined as the care for the physical and mental wellbeing of animals in general by having proper farming practices that take into account the animal’s â€Å"species, its size, weight, age, and sex†. While most laws have made cruelty against animals illegal, the mare absence of cruelty does not define animal welfare. In Great Britain the government has appointed an a wholly independent body (Farm Animal Welfare Council-FAWC) that comes up with acceptable definitions and standards with regards to treatment of farm animals. FAWC defines animal welfare in terms of conditions of stay of farm animal- their shelter, food, space. Such definitions are always in line with the Five Freedoms of animal. The five freedoms of animal welfare outline five preconditions of a good animal welfare system: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom to from fear and distress. These clamor for animal welfare has become a great debate especially now with the increasingly fast food world where the demand for some animal meat, like chicken, has outstripped natural production cycles. It is estimated that in the Great Britain alone, over 850 million broiler chickens are reared each year, and approximately 26 chickens are slaughtered every second (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 2010). In fact, over the past thirty years, the demand for chicken meat has been exponentially rising which makes poultry farming a very viable commercial activity. And like

The Christian’s Weapons for Spiritual Warfare Essay Example for Free

The Christian’s Weapons for Spiritual Warfare Essay Christianity presupposes the existence of the supernatural. After all, God is invisible and so are the angels and demons documented in the Bible as spirits that are present in the world inhabited by humans. Too often, however, because they are not seen, most people do not believe in the reality of the spiritual world. The Christian worldview takes into account the different unseen beings present and active in the world. This is well documented in the Bible and can be attested to by a lot of people who have been involved in one way or another in demonic possession. The church is also not spared in doubting the reality of spiritual beings at work. As such, they can easily fall prey to the wiles of Satan, which is described as â€Å"a prowling lion† in the Bible. Not only that, when they encounter demon possession or any spiritual activity involving demons. In fact, even Christians sometimes are not spared from demon activities, especially if they place themselves in places and circumstances where demons can work in their lives. Spiritual Warfare The world in which Christians live is full of circumstances where the spirit of light and darkness struggle against each other. Dr. Ed Murphy said that there is a kingdom of Christ where believers belong to and the kingdom of Satan where the powers in the air and in the world reign and influence the lives of people who choose to live outside the fold of Christ’s grace and love. This statement was presented in page 5 and I agree because this dichotomy is reflected in the different activities of people in the world. Part One of Dr. Murphy’s book talks about worldviews and how such worldviews affect the thinking of people in the world. Those who belong to the two different kingdoms necessarily espouse different kinds of viewpoints. Those who have become believers in Christ have been transformed and redeemed. They no longer belong to the sinful ways of the world, where the influence of Satan is very much at work. The saving grace of Christ enables a person to change his views and his outward expressions. As such, spiritual warfare is truly a clash of worldviews between that of the Kingdom of Heaven and that of the world. The Bible also supports the worldview that spiritual beings are very much at work in the world then and now and it is the source of authority of God’s work. Dr. Murphy also expounded on a kind of history of spiritual warfare. Satan used to be one of God’s top angels but was transformed by his desire for power and because of his pride. By relying on what the Bible says, the author traced the source of the cosmic conflict and how such conflict affects the world that we inhabit now. When Satan and his horde of fallen angels were cast down from heaven, the battleground has shifted to the earth. The fall of man in the Garden of Eden became a reality and has become the source of the rift between God and man. Dr. Murphy expounded this history in page 41. Through his explanation, I understood how humans are being influenced by demons and spirits. Christ became the centerpiece of history because He is God’s ultimate way to redeem fallen mankind from sin and shame. The battle is not complete, however, with one’s coming to Christ. It may be difficult to accept, yet, even Christians are not exempt from demon activities such as implanting thoughts and even demon-possession. Encountering such claim has taken me aback at first. However, as Dr. Murphy went on to explain the dynamics and levels of God’s protection towards His children, and the way that Christians put themselves in a position where demons may influence them, it dawned on me that he was right. He even related several real life experiences that he had. Christians therefore had a battle to fight. Such battle occurs in their minds, which is the battlefield for control. In addition, the battle also occurs at a higher level when culture collides with the claims of the gospel. Part III surveys the biblical view on spiritual warfare with a focus on the Old Testament. In the Old Testament, warfare in a lot of instances took on physical war and bloodshed. More importantly, however, is the spiritual nature of this war. The warfare between good and evil has been going on since the beginning of time. When man entered the picture, it has just been intensified. The Old Testament contained a number of promises that dealt with the promise that was fulfilled by Christ—the promise that evil and death will be ultimately conquered. Dr. Murphy made it clear that the Old Testament showed the need for an ultimate sacrifice in Christ and the inadequacy of human agency in waging spiritual warfare. Even if God made a covenant with Israel as a chosen nation in the Old Testament, there were kings and prophets who led the nation politically and spiritually. Dr. Murphy stated the role of kings and prophets in page 253. Through the role of kings and prophets, the author masterfully showed the coming ministry of Christ and of Christians. Spiritual warfare then truly involved warfare in the traditional sense—involving physical weapons. The problem, however, is that the spiritual aspect of the warfare has been disregarded and even denied. Worse, the Israelite nation forgot to keep the covenant they have with God, which led to the downfall of both the Northern and the Southern kingdom. The Old Testament was a foreshadowing of the new one. With the coming of Christ, the New Testament was put in place. Christ and the New Testament The first covenant failed to fulfill the terms of the covenant. In fact, the chosen people have failed to do their duty in becoming the light in the world. Yet, God has put in place a plan for redemption, which, incidentally, was also a part of God’s strategy against the Kingdom of Satan. Jesus Christ represented God’s ultimate plan for the redemption and restoration of creation from the clutches of Satan. Through Jesus Christ, man was no longer in the clutches of demons. Rather, a choice has been given to them so that they can be free. After all, Jesus came to set the captives free. Dr. Murphy also chronicles the encounters of Jesus with the demons. Before he started his public ministry, he was tested in the wilderness and tempted by Satan himself. It was a reenactment of the temptation that Satan presented to Adam and Eve but only this time, he did not succeed. Hence, his dominion and authority was about to be wrested away from him. He did not want to be deprived of such power, however, and so he gave a fight. In other passages in the gospels, Jesus encountered demons in the synagogue and in the tombs. In cases where he encountered demons, they recognized him for who he is—the Son of God. Jesus silenced these demons so that he can proceed with his ministry unabated. It was as if he wanted people to listen to Him instead of having to cast out demons. As the ministry of Jesus progressed, he managed to train his disciples in asserting His authority. When the disciples came back and reported that even the demons were obedient to them, he gave them occasion to celebrate while at the same time asked them to focus on building the kingdom of heaven instead of casting demons out. With the training of his disciples, Jesus passed on his authority to them. Throughout Part Four, Dr. Murphy looked at the development of the training of disciples and the way in which they encountered demons in their ministries. The Book of Acts, particularly, contains a lot of stories of demon encounters that followed the disciples wherever they go. In page 342, Dr. Murphy explained that there were times that the power encounters with demons led to conversions. There are also instances that they did not. Nonetheless, what is important is that, the early disciples knew that demons are real and that they are subject to the authority of believers given to them by Christ. The New Testament chronicles the development of the church from being a simple band of believers to a growing church in different areas of the known world then. As believers were preaching to people about Christ, no doubt the demons were also at work. That is why the believers saw the need to assert the weapons that Christ gave them for spiritual warfare. On the whole such encounters pointed out to the authority of Christ in the spiritual world as much as in the material world. Dr. Murphy also takes a look at different biblical passages dealing with spiritual warfare and the weapons that believers can use regarding against the powers in the air. The author also takes a look at some instances that even believers were besieged by demons in their efforts to live out the gospel given by Christ. Power encounters were also frequent as the church was growing. He said that power encounters were necessary in some places but not in others. This is because the people listening to the gospel of Christ should be able to make the decision of whether or not to accept Him. When the demons interfere, therefore, the Christians can assert their authority in Christ and ask these demons to get away. Christians can also be demonized. Although this may come as a shock to others, Dr. Murphy elaborates why in Part Five, particularly in page 440, where he discussed the different entry points of demons in the lives of Christians. There are sin areas that a Christian may wallow in. These areas then become the entry points for demons to establish their strongholds. I agree with Dr. Murphy’s assertion that demons can assail Christians. It is very similar to the captain of a ship who possesses the authority but refuses to assert it but instead gives the authority to somebody without rank in the ship. Demon possession of Christians works in the same way. There are a lot of manifestations of demonization. A lot of these can be easily spotted when one reads the newspaper—child abuse! The act of abusing a child can both be the cause and the result of demonization. A lot of social issues arise from demonization even though few people would accede to that. Even the mental health of people can be severely affected by demons—they lose their wits and logical judgment but instead rely on the voices telling them what to do. Dr. Murphy draws from psychology to explain that in some instances demonization leads to the alienation of the individual and leads to losing his mind. In closing, he also discusses the way in which people, Christians included can be free from demonization. The section dealing with finding freedom, however, appears to be inadequate given the number of chapters he dedicated to explore the causes of demonization. He also recognized the dangers of spiritual warfare and the way that people may shirk from taking responsibility for their action because of spiritual warfare. Nonetheless, Dr. Murphy’s book derives biblical insight and is a practical guide for all.

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) CHAPTER 5 – TREATMENT As we have read previously, clinically isolated syndrome may develop to multiple sclerosis and because there is no way of determining whether an individual will undergo to develop MS after having an episode of demyelination, making the decision to treat and monitor the ongoing changes very difficult. Evidence have suggested that the earlier the start of disease modifying agents in the early course of MS the more effective they are. There are numerous studies have indicated that starting disease modifying agents after clinically isolated syndrome delays the onset of MS, but these studies remains controversial. There have been arguments whether or not to start disease modifying agents after a clinically isolated syndrome. Those who support the start of these agent following diagnosis of CIS cite the results of some clinical trials that shows that these drugs reduce the risk of developing to MS by one third. A â€Å" treat all early â€Å" approach have been proposed as best to ensure all people who would go on to developing MS do receive the treatment . The other side of this argument have existing evidence for the disease modifying agent in MS shows only modest short term effectiveness in high risk cases of CIS. Treatment is unnecessary for those who would never gone on to developing MS after CIS. Four large clinical trials have been conducted to determine whether early treatment following an episode of CIS can delay the 2nd clinical episode, and therefore the diagnosis of clinically definite MS 5.1 Controlled High-Risk Subjects Avonex MS Prevention Study (CHAMPS) The goals of the study are: The early induction interferon beta-1a (AVENOX ) treatment can delay the 2nd episode of demyelination which in turn can signal definite MS If the treatment would have any benefits on MRI detected brain lesions. Subjects have in this study had experienced a single episode of isolated neurological event suggesting demyelination and had multiple clinically silent MRI lesions, which they represent a high risk for a second neurological attack (definite MS) (40, 41). The results indicated that AVENOX (interferon beta-1a) had significantly delay the 2nd neurological attack, and MRI finding showed that AVENOX can decrease the volume of brain lesions and as well as fewer lesions . Based on this study, the FDA approved that patients with clinically isolated syndrome with MRI detected brain lesions to receive AVENOX .figure(2).(40)(42) Figure (2): impact of interferon beta following first neurological attack Source:https://quo.novartis.com/extavia/images/extavia_EFFICACY1_banner.jpg 5.2 Early Treatment Of MS ( ETOMS ) The goals of the study are: Determine if very low doses of interferon beta 1a (REBIF) delay’s the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis in people who experienced only one clinical event but had multiple MRI lesions (43,44). Results indicated that: The group of people who received interferon beta-1a (REBIF) who developed clinically definite MS (34%) is fewer than the group of people receiving placebo (45%) during the period of the study.(45) The number of new lesions has decreased in the treatment group and the demyelination areas is significantlylower.figure(3).(45) Figure (3 ): compression between the groups receiving REBIF and placebo Source:http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/image.cfm?archiveid=100714type=imgname=rebif-01.jpg 5.3 Betaseron In Newly Emerging MS For Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) The goals of the study: Determine if interferon beta-1b can delay the onset of clinically definite MS in subjects with first clinical sign of MS or CIS who are at a high risk for developing MS (46). Results At day 255 of the study, one quarter of the subjects in the placebo group had developed clinically definite MS. In the other hand, it took 618 days for approximately same number of subjects in the treatment group to develop clinically definite MS. (47) After the two years study, it was determined that 28% of the subjects under the treatment group had developed clinically definite MS compared to the 45% of the placebo group (47) The FDA has approved that patients who have experienced CIS and have MRI feature consistent with MS to receive the treatment with Betaseron figure (4). Figure (4): comparison between Betaseron receiving group and placebo group Source:http://www.iodine.com/label-content/261fde67-efb2-4bd7-947e-4f68a56e76ff-c71a5c99d2acf2ddb0e66c9266460f4c.jpg 5.4 The pre-CIS study Study goals Determine the period of time it takes for subjects diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome receiving glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone ) to develop a second attack that would confirm the diagnosis of definite MS. Results indicated that the group who received glatiramer acetate in comparison with the placebo group, has significantly reduced the risk of developing clinically definite MS. Based on these results, the FDA has indicated to that individuals who have had first clinical episode and MRI feature consistent with MS to receive copaxone as treatment. Based on these trials , it have been approved the necessity of starting treatments as soon as possible for clinically isolated syndrome patients and those who have first clinical episode and MRI evidence suggestive of multiple sclerosis (48). The interferons agents should be used with high cautions by depressed patients or individuals with history of depression because of some evidence indicated that these meds may progress the depression symptoms. In patients with depression the physician should give best possible treatment decision to not worsen the depression episodes and in same time have positive effects in the case of treatment purpose (49). 5.5 Interferon beta medication Avonex (interferon beta- 1a): it has been shown in the previous clinical trials to reduce the frequency of relapses in MS and the number of the new lesions on MRI, and it also reduces the disease progression. It has been also shown that Avonex reduces the risk to develop MS in clinically isolated syndrome at high risk patients. Uses: CIS and relapsing forms of MS (secondary progressive MS). Dosage: 30 micrograms once a week: IM injection. Side effect: flue-like symptoms following the injections, depressions, anemia, elevated liver enzymes and liver toxicity. Betaseron (interferon beta-1b): in the previous clinical trials, betaseron has shown that it reduces the frequency and severity of relapses. In addition, it also showed that it reduces the number of new lesions or even active lesions on MRI. Like Avonex, betaseron have also the ability to delay the onset of MS in people with CIS and has been approved by the FDA for this use specifically.(50) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage : 250 micrograms once every two days : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Rebif (interferon beta-1a): has shown to reduce the frequency, relapses and the number of new / active lesions on MRI. Like avonex and betaseron, rebif has demonstrated that it can delay the onset of MS in patients with CIS. But, unfortunately it have not been approved by the FDA for this use yet. (51) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage: 20 micrograms every day : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate): in addition to interferon beta drugs, Copaxone has shown to reduce frequency of relapses and the number of new/active lesions on MRI scan. It’s been used in relapsing remitting type of multiple sclerosis. Until the present, the mode of action have not been discovered. Some theories have been suggested but no scientifically proven theory is discovered.(51) Uses : CIS and relapsing remitting forms of MS Dosage 44 micrograms 3 times a week : subcutaneous injection Side effects: injection site reactions, a reaction after injection, anxiety, chest tightness, dyspnea and flushing. In conclusions, there is no definite treatment of multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome in the presence of demyelination of the central nerve system. But, reducing the amount of the lesions, frequency of the episodes and prolonging the period of developing MS in high risk patient is the goals we are looking for. CIS can be difficult to diagnose or to determine whether or not to start the treatment, and the physician may find a hard time to find the best decision in these cases keeping in mind that the sooner the beginning of the treatment the less progressive the disease is (52). 5.6 Prevention Given to the heterogeneous etiological factors and often idiopathic characteristic of CIS, there are no clear means of prevention exists. In postinfectious patients with CIS, prevention of the infection is the best means of prevention. In acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, almost 70% of cases are associated with infections and 5% (approximately) with vaccination. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis rates are estimated with 1.5 per millions (2 per million) in association with live measles vaccine compared to 1 in 1000 risk of postinfectious ADE with measles infections, suggesting that vaccines may decrease the risk of post infection complications. Unfortunately, vaccines are not available for all bacteria and viruses (53).

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay In this story, it tells how much young people are innocent and are easy to trust others by telling them the actual truths which may even get them into big troubles. The one greatest conflict in this story is that trusting a stranger who asks a lot of information from the little red riding hood and her being unaware of the dangers, letting the stranger know about the information being asked. Thus, it tells how people should not just trust anyone who tries to be too nice when they actually their intention is to dig out their desired information and facts. But it is true that having such conflicts and trusting others is inevitable. Therefore, it has to be practiced and slowly get used to solving these kinds of conflicts. People in conflict pursue goals and also wonders what each person does, and who they are in relationship to each other during the interaction. The little red riding hoods goal was just to go and give the food, being asked by her mother to the grandmother who is sick and lives in the woods. She was somehow using the collaborative goal when answering back to the wolf who was asking her too much information about her. It was simple and a clear goal, but it was not for the wolf whose goal was different from the girls. Its intention was to get as many information as possible it can get and to try to go and eat the old lady in the woods and even try to eat the little girl up too. Therefore, we can see that when we come across many different people, they all come with their own different goals and in order to achieve the various goals they do things and find different ways to gain whatever they want. The do not try to give way to others and try understanding others which may lead to selfishness. They also try to gain power and sometimes the most powerful behavior is to appear to be able to accept but also resist, or even act in a nonresistant way. There are different types of power, namely; reward power, punishment, legitimate, charisma and expert. The person who is in conflict and the style of solving it would differ from that of who is not involved in it, since the styles develop over a lifetime based experiences. The girl in this story should rather forgive the wolf for being this cunning because it has already happened and no one can actually rewind the past and change whatever it has happened. And forgiveness is not a sign of weakness too and requires movement, which helps a person to shift from the situation and even forget about it. In this case, it also invites the reconciliation process to gain back the cooperation and a sense of harmony. If the girl did not trust a stranger like the wolf, this would not have caused the unnecessary danger to her grandmother, and her and the hunter to appear in the picture to have helped them. Top 2: Three Little Pigs In the story of the three little pigs, the conflicts are that the big bad wolfs mindset of trying to destroy the little pigs and eat them up. As all the conflicts are about two issues; power and self-esteem, the big bad wolfs intention is to gain power by trying to show others that he is possible of destroying anything that he wants to. Also, in order to get a higher level of self-esteem for him by doing such things. Power in accustoming relationships is not finite; it is an expansive commodity. Power is something that does not stay constant and something that keeps on changing. The more you try to escape, ignore and resent against someone, the less power you are to show upon or have with that person. Collaboration is also almost always possible in order to solve a conflict and the misunderstandings among the two parties or more. The interest of the wolf in this story was to show the little pigs what he is capable of and how much power he has by blowing the houses that the little pig s have built. From my point of view, showing power was the main source of intention from the wolf rather than its hunger and interest of eating up the little pigs. This story gives the children a lesson to always be in harmony, united and be alert all the time to overcome the unexpected dangers and that one should try again and again until you succeed without thinking of giving up. And to create a different ending from the given story, the little pigs could have built the house in bricks from the very first time they were brought down or blown away by the wolf to prevent from being in danger again and again. Top 3: Pinocchio From the story Pinocchio by the Walt Disney, the little children could learn it is bad to go around and tell lies which bring no benefit to self and only brings ones own image down. From what I can think is the conflict with Pinocchio and the storyline is that the conflict within himself and covering up what he actually is rather than telling the truth, he might also be afraid of being judged by people of him being made of wood and also the desire to become a real human being, travel around all he wants and join a puppet show. For Pinocchio to transform into a normal human being, just like all of us, he is required to prove that he is a brave and a boy who is truthful and does not tell lies, but what he actually doing was lying around when he travels on his own. He knows that he has to be truthful to people for him to become fully human being, but that was not what he was doing. Therefore, it does not help him to achieve his goal of becoming a human being. The solutions become inclear and even unrecognized if one does not know what they want, which means that the only clear goals can be attained. Clear goals can also be altered even more easily rather the unclear goals and the clear goals are reached more often than the unclear or vague goals. And also, people often create difficulties by thinking on their own that their goals can never be achieved and tend to think that the other party will stand in their way. From the five types of power, Pinocchio seems to have been in punishment since his father, who c reated him as a puppet from wood was swallowed by a whale, as he was the one who was lying to people. The conflict styles are also designed responses, or even a group of styles of behavior that people use in conflict. And tactics are the moves made by people and their individuality which brings out their general approach. Top 4: Jack and the Beanstalk From this story of Jack, who gave his cow in exchange of five seeds that would grow and become a tall stalk of beans learns to get a great deal which has its own time and catch for when it is about time. Thus, it also tells or conveys a message to people that one should not be too impatient and worry too much about something that is not going to happen any soon. Worrying or being impatient about things not only takes away your present precious moments, it also drains your energy from thinking and worrying about unnecessary things. The conflict that Jack has is that he has to be afraid of the ogre and try his best not to be caught by that ogre, and on the other hand, he has to get all the riches from the ogres house too, which has a golden harp and also a chicken which can lay golden eggs. Jack seems to have been in desperate need for all these rich things in order for him to escape and get out of his poor and filthy lifestyle. He also has to manage the conflict well to be able to get all the things he wants from the ogres house. Effective conflict management is one aspect of interpersonal therapy, which also is a well-researched counseling technique for dealing with depression. People in conflict may be fearful, resentful, angry, hopeless or even stressed. It is abruptly normal and usual for people who are in conflict to have disagreements. But for Jack, who was trying to get the valuable things from the ogre had to manage himself. In addition, conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur an action w hich prevents, obstructs, interferes with, injures, or in some way makes resolution less likely or less effective. But in the end, what matters the most is the perception of the person who is in or to be in conflict and the ways of seeing things from a different perspective. Goals are also perceived as incompatible usually because the parties want either the same things or different. People usually tend to engage in conflict over goals that are important to them. They would not really care about these goals if they had no concerns, interests, or importance to them. No one actually cares about something that does not interest or bores them. This story could not end better even if it were to be given a new ending, since it has shown the children that Jack was smart enough to remember to cut the bean stalk to prevent the ogre from being able to follow him. Top 5: Cinderella Cinderella is a well-known fairy tale from the Walt Disney ever since a very long time ago. It has become one of the most amazing and interesting tale that children long to watch, listen to, or be exposed to. From this renowned fairy tale of children, the Cinderella; everyone who has watched, seen or heard about this fairy tale knows that she was actually being brought up with one stepmother who does no good to her and only gives her hard times, treats her very unfairly, bullies her for so many times, and makes her life even more miserable and harder despite the fact of having to stay with not only just a stepmother but with also two other daughters of hers. Those two daughters of her stepmother do not do any good to her too and all they do or wish is for her to disappear from their lives and bullies her to the extent of being unable even to explain what she has been going through and how she feels about herself to have a life where she has been locked up like a maid or servant to th e stepmother and the two sisters. The conflict between these two sisters and the stepmother was that of being unable to see some other people being better than them or being able to carry out things that they are unable to. This can also be called as the self-conflict which lies, comes or happens only within their self. It is something that has to be solved by them, which cannot be done by others. These two sisters and the stepmother actually know and believe that the Cinderella was way better than in appearance, abilities and even charm that they cannot make up to. But, on the other hand, they have issues in accepting that the little Cinderella is better than them. Therefore, all they try doing is to bring the poor Cinderella down from every possible angle they could rather than thinking or planning how to be like the little princess. In addition, being unable to accept what has been said, written or what actually is, is the main reason and the source of all the envies and jealousies for people to get hurt, being hurt by others, or self-inflicting and depressing state of mind, which can even be related to psychological terms like being in the self-defense-mechanism mode, where one tries to polish or cover up what he/she actually is and try pointing at others faults in order to outshine others charms instead of being kind, humble and simple by trying hard by themselves. According to the story, Cinderella is seen as a very simple, gentle, kind and polite and even forgiving to others since she is the one who has a great and an amazing set of mind even though she has been mistreated for all these while her whole life. Since forgiving is a state of moving out from the usual unpleasant moments of life, Cinderella forgave those who has mistreated her for good and also in order for herself to move on to another pleasant l evel of her own life. Top 6: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs From another tale of Walt Disney; The Snow white and the seven dwarfs, many lessons are being given to the little children who are more likely to be addicted to the Disney cartoons and fairy tales. Snow Whites life turned upside down when her dad remarried with a woman who was known as the most famous and the most beautiful woman in town, who turned out to be the most evil queen of all kingdoms. From the moment the little Snow Whites father; the kings passing away; she was left with this evil Queen, who was also her stepmother. The queens conflict within herself was her own insecurity from comparing herself with the little snow white, because she believed that she has to be the only fair and the most beautiful woman of the entire entire kingdom. She could not accept that the little snow white was as white as snow and as pure as pearls. The evil queen did not want to give the power of the kingdom to the little snow white too. She was already getting old and her health was already deteriorating. She has always had tough times accepting all these and just giving the kingdom to the little princess. From all this unfortunate fortunes, the little snow white somehow escaped from the miserable jealous queen and came to live with the seven hardworking dwarfs who helped and loved her truly and took care of her. But as to the queens persistence, she turns herself into an old lady and offered snow white a poisonous apple. As soon as snow white consumed a bite of the apple, she instantly fell unconscious. But due to her being kind-hearted to people and staying simple, good fortune looked upon the poor snow white that the seven dwarfs chased the queen to the top of the mountains, the thunders and lightning stroke the place and to the little princesss luck, the queen ended her life. Even though the little snow white fell unconscious, her prince charming came and gave her the loves first kiss which woke her up and rescued her. Thus, we all can learn that how much ever you are being in deep tragedies, or your life has not been good in any situation, you just have to hold on, keep your mind simple and all the positive good fortunes will come to you all at once. Top 7: The Hare and the Tortoise This old story of the hare and the tortoise can give all the children who usually dreams of becoming somebody that is famous and powerful a great lesson to be humble all along in life. It is not being famous and powerful that matters, but it is of being humble. If you are being too ignorant and arrogant just because you get to be famous, the fame surely will not last for long. As it is the natures phenomenon that everything comes back down once it gets way higher up where it has a limit, and the same thing will happen for those who become too ignorant of things around you by getting powerful. In the story, due to the hares over-confidence and being too arrogant, it lost to the tortoise in a race, which also is ridiculous for a fast-running hare to lose to a small-speeded tortoise in a race. This proved that the hare was trying to overpower the tortoise which was already slower than it is in doing things. It was also trying to show the power it has upon this tortoise and believed itself that it would definitely be the winner of the race. Power is something that has to do with the social relationship rather than a quality of the individual and that is not owned by any individuals but is a main product of any social relationships in which certain qualities become more important and valuable to others. A person who think or take themselves and tries to show that they are the most powerful to outsiders are usually and often are people with less power than they appear. As we all could see from the hare and its over-confidence, it took itself way too high and fell asleep under a tree in the middle of the race thinking the tortoise would never make it to the stop. This was the act of looking down at someone who is already in lower power than you. Being humble takes account in this case and reminds not to look down on anyone and to stop being too proud of ones self. Top 8: The Ant and the grasshopper This story is a great piece that can be shared to both the little ones and the youngsters who are on the path of spending money and looking for pleasure. The point of spending money lavishly only lasts for a certain period of time but it never lasts longer than the short while. It can only give you pleasure just for a little while that you would not even get to taste what it feels like to actually gain pleasure and be happy about spending a large amount of money. According to this story of the ant and the grasshopper, the grasshopper was the one who always spent a lot more than the ant, enjoyed life, had fun and used up all it had. But on the other hand, the ant was being thrifty and hardworking. It also saved up for its own good and looked far way ahead of the future to be able to face any unexpected terms, just like the saying, expect the unexpected. This is the only way and the most important fact to bear in mind to overcome any unexpected when you are to really face them on the hand. The grasshopper then died of being cold and also due to starvation when the winter came while the ant survived the season from being prepared and saved up the corns during summer for it to be able to cope with the weather and face the natural danger of the changes of the seasons. We can also say that the ant survived due its avoidance of the grasshopper from persuading it to join itself from happily enjoying life, wasting time and spending all it has without putting a tiny bit of effort in the lifesaving strategy. If the grasshopper were to work hard just like the ant did and save up what is needed to protect it from the unexpected, it would not have ended its own life to the unbearable weather and its coldness. Top 9: The Ugly Duckling From one of the best bedtime stories, the ugly duckling story was also a great one to be shared with the children for them to learn from the storyline which expresses that the mere physical appearance do not matter all the time and only appreciating ones inner beauty brings out the best in others and in yourself in every possible and positive ways. It is about self-esteem and confidence when dealing with others and improving ones life rather than just on the basic looks of a person. Someone only with the appealing appearance and without any charismatic or inner beauty leads to nowhere. The most important thing in life is to appreciate every little thing and be grateful of things that happen around you for those brings you the best in you and teach from falling apart or prevent you from feeling like a failure when everyone elses perception is that you would never be able to hold on to when it comes to a certain point where life brings you down for different reasons. This ugly duckling was being ostracized from its fellow fowls just because of its unpleasant appearance. But then when the turning point of this ugly ducklings life comes, it finally grows into a beautiful swan, and that is the moment when the others who abandoned this beautiful swan from being a part of them are to look at it in awe. Thus, this story stresses young children and even the adults who read these stories for the little ones to appreciate the inner beauty and the talents that shows the importance and the mindset of someone, rather than just the physical appearance. Top 10: The Boy who cried wolf This fable of the boy who cried wolf is a very good example for those youngsters who amuse them by scaring others and seeking for attention and making fun of the elders. This story is also known as the Shepherd boy and the wolf, in which the bored shepherd boy calls out people as if a wolf was coming to attack the village. When all the villagers slowly stopped trusting him when they found out to their disappointment and that it was just a false alarm whenever he cried out as a wolf was coming to attack, they all stopped paying attention to him. The boy lost his life one day when the wolf really did come to attack even though he cried out for help, not even one villager paid attention to what hes been crying out help for. This teaches a great lesson for all the youngsters who just amuse themselves by scaring others and giving false alarms on dangers and things that are important to be notified. This great piece of story also tells people to always tell the truth. Once you start lying about something and see people being satisfied with your lies, you continue without even realizing or noticing yourself. But when it comes to a point where they no longer believe in your lies, and start finding out the truth, they start loathing you and decide never to trust you again.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor :: World War II WWII WW2

The Japanese planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and struck at 7:55 A.M. on December 7th, 1941. This attack led to President Franklin Roosevelt asking Congress for a Declaration of War. This was the event that led to the United States entering World War II. The United States was mad at Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931. We were worried about the Japanese military. That is why President Roosevelt moved our Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor. After many months of talking, the Japanese broke off negotiations with the United States on December 6, 1941. We had made an offer to them and they never replied to the offer. The U.S. knew that the Japanese were probably going to attack us soon. We didn’t know where the attack would be. Most military officers thought it would be in the South Pacific. They were partly right and wrong. Nobody really thought the Japanese would attack our fleet at Pearl Harbor in the east even though we knew it was possible for an aircraft carrier attack to hit there. The Japanese secretly sent a large naval fleet toward Pearl Harbor. It was the largest fleet of its type in history. The purpose of the mission was to wipe out the U.S. Pacific Fleet so the Japanese could continue to take control of the South Pacific area. Our fleet was the only real threat to their military plan. When the Japanese planes left the aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor they were detected by our radar operators. The radar operators assumed they were either a large group of birds or some U.S. planes out on a training mission. The first attack by the Japanese started at 7:55 am. Our ships were lined up next to each other. This made them easy targets for the Japanese pilots. In just a short period of time, five of our eight destroyers were sunk and the rest badly damaged. A second wave of Japanese planes also attacked Pearl Harbor. They continued to attack our ships and also attacked our airfields. One type of ship they didn’t sink was our aircraft carriers. They looked for them but never found them. They were out doing some training missions. The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor destroyed 188 airplanes.

Divorce and the Decline of Morality Essay -- Giving up on Marriage

As America's divorce rate continues to skyrocket, it seems that morality continues to plummet. Approximately sixty-five percent of all marriages in America end in divorce, and this number does not seem to be declining any time soon. Are we creating a new generation "Y" of single parents? Is a broken home the wave of the future? If Americans don't get a grip on morality, this will surely be the case. It is not possible to pinpoint exactly why America's divorce rate is so high, much higher than that of previous decades. There are so many issues today that contribute to divorce than had existed in the past. Take teen pregnancy, for instance. It is alarming that so many of our children are having children themselves. They feel they must get married at fifteen and sixteen because it is what's right for the baby. Needless to say, most teen marriages under these circumstances usually end in divorce. What kind of life is this for a child? What kind of values will they learn from their parents example? According to Stuart Shepard, staff writer for Focus on the Family, "divorce tears down our moral and social responsibility to our children. They see marriages as if things don't work out, you can just leave and not work it out" (Shepard np). Adult children of divorced families are three times more likely to get divorced than adult children raised with both parents in the home (Markman 128). This negative pattern of divorce is one that could go on for generations if Americans are not willing to slow down their rate of divorce. Another contributing factor is the fact that divorce is much more accepted by society as a whole. Even though a lot of American... ...hildren." 1997, November 20. 2000, June 25. Markman, H.J. and S. Stanley. Fighting for Your Marriage: Positive Steps For A Loving and Lasting Relationship. San Francisco: Josey Bass, Inc, 1994. Shepard, S. "Study Examined Effects of Divorce". Focus on Family 2000, June 5: np. Stanley, S. Marriage in the 90's: A Nationwide Random Phone Survey. Denver, Colorado: PREP, Inc. 1997. Treas, J. and D. Giesen "Sexual Infidelity Among Married and Cohabiting Americans". Journal of Marriage and the Family Vol 62 (2000) : 48-60. U.S. Bureau of the Census. "Marriage, divorce, and remarriage in the 1990's." Washington, D.C.: Us. Government Printing Office, 1998. Zachary, G.P. "America: Straight-Laced Public Yawns at Scandal". The Wall Street Journal 1998, Feb 9: section B, p.1